Lesson 35-Indigeneous Materials

1. Bamboo-common material for house construction & furnitures.
Kinds:
a.)Spiny Bamboo-largest bamboo.
b.)Kiling-without spines.
c.)Bikal-climbing specie of bamboo.
d.)Bayug-tall with slender stalks forming large clumps.
e.)Bulo-has long thin internodes. Rough,brittle skin.For walls of Nipa huts, Cottages,Fences,Rice Bins & Baskets.
2. Rattan Craft-it climbs & has single stem without branches. Common species are Sica,Palanan & Oway.
3. Seashell Crafts
Common Seashells For Handicrafts:
a.) Giant Clam-largest seashell.
b.) Kapis-commonly used for window sashes.
Other Types:
1. Pearl Shells
2. Ark Shells
3. Gastropod
4. Kabibi
5. Pilipit
6. Balay
7. Gakla
8. Tulla
Characteristics:
1. Hard & Brittle
2. Colorful & attractive
3. Smooth,shiny & pearl like surface
4. Variety of shapes & sizes
5. Most shells are easily broken
4. Leather Craft-processed animal skin.
Example:
1. Pigskin
2. Calf skin
3. Lamb skin
4. Steer hide
5. Ostrich
6. Morocco
7. Alligator
Machines that facilitates Animal Skin:
1. Unhairing machine
2. Splitting machine-for uniform thickness of leather.
3. Staking machine-to compress the leather.
4.Smoothing machine
5. Finishing machine

Lesson 34-Supplies & Accessories Used in Handicrafts

1. Fastening Materials
a)Nails-to fasten 2 or more pieces of lumber,bamboo,or rattan.
Example:
1. Common Nails-for rough construction work.
2. Finishing Nails-for cabinets,tables & other furnitures.
3. Box Nails-for box construction.
4. Brad Nails-for small furnitures.
b)Screws-have slots where flat or phillips head screw drivers are fitted.
c)Hinges-to attach windows & doors while the small ones for small handicrafts.
2. Finishing Materials-to add beauty to any project.
Example:
1. Paints
2 kinds:
a.)Water based-for concrete & other materials.
b.)Enamel Paint-for wood,metal & other materials.
c.)Stains-transparent finishing materials to improve the appearance of wood surface.
d.)Varnish-excellent material to improve appearance of wood surface.
e.)Sandpaper-to smooth wood surface,rattan,metal,coconut shell,etc.
3. Adhesives
Example:
1. Glue-powder or liquid form.
2. Rugby-made of synthetic resins for leather craft like shoes & slippers.
3. Rubber Cement-for leather & upholstery.
4. Epoxy-excellent for gluing light materials for plastic.

Lesson 34-Supplies & Accessories Used in Handicrafts

Lesson 33-Handtools Used in Handicraft Industry

Other Handtools:
1. Skinning knife-to thin the edges of thick leather.
2. beveler-to level edges of a design in a leather.
3. Blowtorch-to secure intense local heat.For Rattan.
4. Shader-to remove outer skin of bamboo.
5. Width Sizer-to size bamboo splints.
6. Tin Shear( Snips)-to cut tins.
7. Soldering Copper-a soldering tool heated with a charcoal.

Lesson 32-Project Planning

Factors to be considered in Project Planning:
1. Usefulness-needed & intention
2. Design-sales appeal & sales potential
3. Size-proper size
4. Kind of Wood
Pictorial Sketch-drawing of the design.
Working Drawing-shapes & dimensions of objects.
Bill of Materials-gives the size & kind of lumber, & other materials needed.The cost & complete materials guides in constructing the project.
List of Procedures-Step by step
List of Tools & Equipment-the things needed
Evaluation:
a. Criteria for rating
b. Weight of each criteria
c.Student's Rating
d.Teacher's Rating

Lesson 31-Wood Finishing

Preparing the Wood Surface:
1. Sanding-a way of smoothing the surface of stock with abrasive.
2. Repairing Defects
a. Pin Holes-commonly caused by small insects while big holes caused by woodborers.
b. Cracks & Checks-opening a long the grain of wood.
c. Dents-shallow depression caused by faulty hammering,faulty clamping or caused by falling heavy objects.
3. Applying Wood Stain
a. Water Stain-dissolve powder dye in water.It penetrates deeply & raise the wood grain.
b. Oil Stain-made by dissolving in oil.Much easier to use because it takes longer time to dry.
c. Spirit Stain-dissolve anilyne dye in alcohol.Difficult to apply because it dries up quickly.
4. Applying Wood Filler & Sanding Filler
a. Paste Filler
b.Liquid Filler-used on non-close grained wood.It is paste thinned turpentine.
c.Sealers-finishes used as the base coat to fill the pores of close grained wood.
5. Applying Varnish-a varnish is a finishing material to beautify & preserve wood because it is tough,waterproof & heat resistant.

Lesson 30-Wood Joints

1. Butt joint-simplest type of wood joint but it is weak.
2.Rabbet joint-L-shaped recess at the end or along the edge of a board.
3. Dado joint-to support shelves or drawers,bookcases & step ladders.
4. Miter joint-where 2 pieces of wood make a right angle usually used in making picture frame.
5. Lap joint-where 1/2 of the thickness or width of each member is removed.
Types:
a. End lap
b. Middle lap
c. Cross lap
6. Mortise & Tenon joint-consist of a rectangular recess(mortise) into which fits a rectangular projection(tenon). Exceptionally strong when accurately made.
Types:
a. Blind-hidden
b. Through-partially exposed
7. Dovetail joint-a wedge -shaped projections,shaped like a dove's tail.Usually for drawer construction.

Lesson 29-Woodworking Handtools

Classifications:
A. Measuring Tools:
1. Pull Push Rule-to measure inside diameter of things.
2. Foot Rule/Bench Rule-to measure short distances.
3. Zigzag Rule(Folding Rule)-to measure longer stock when very exact measurements are not too important.
B. Testing Tools:
1. Try Square-for squaring,measuring & testing. To check squareness of surfaces & edges of wood.
2. Combination Square-can be used as a try square,depth gauge & level.
3. Steel Square-also called a framing square. For measuring & laying out.
4. Sliding T-Bevel-to layout & test all angles other than 90 degrees & 45degrees.
5. Calipers
2 Kinds:
a. Outside Caliper-to measure outside diameter.
b. Inside Caliper-to measure inside diameter.
6. Plumb Bob-to get true vertical alignment of woodwork.
7. Spirit Level-to check the vertical or horizontal alignment of wood or masonry work.
C. Lining Tools:
1.Pencil-common lining tool.
2. Scratch Awl-to mark center of holes to be drilled or bored. To punch pilot holes for screws in soft wood..
3. Divider-to scribe arcs circles & step-off distances & find centers.
4. Marking Gauge-to mark line parallel with the edge or face of wood.Used when the distances is less than 6".
5. Chalk Line-to mark long,straight lines with chalk dust,oil or ink. To be used when ripping.
D. Tooth Cutting Tools:
1. Ripsaw-to cut with the grain or cuts on the push stroke.
2. Cross cut saw-used to saw across the grain of wood.
3. Back saw-to make fine accurate cuts.
4. Compass saw-for cutting interior curves when coping saw cannot be used.
5. Coping saw-used to cut curves on thin pieces of woods such as plywood.
6. Hacksaw-for cutting metals. For woodworking for cutting nails, bolts & the like.
E. Edge-Cutting Tools:
1. Plane-for smoothening wood surfaces & edges.
2 Types:
a. The Wooden Plane
b. Iron Plane
2. Chisel-for cutting & shaping
2 Gen.Types:
a. Socket Chisel
b. Tang Chisel
3. Spokeshave-much like a simple plane.
2 Kinds:
a. Curve Spokeshave-to form concave edges.
b. Flat Spokeshave-to plane convex edges.
F. Driving Tools:
1. Claw Hammer-for driving & pulling out nails.
2. Mallet- for driving chisels.
3. Screw Driver-for driving & loosening screws.
2 Types:
a. The Flat Head screw
b. Phillips Head screw
4. Nail Set-used for setting nails below the wood surface.
5. Wrench-used to tighten & loosen bolts in wood.
G. Boring Tools:
1. Auger Bit-the most common boring tool.
2. Drill Bit-it is fitted into a hand drill.
3. Expansive Bit-used to bore a hole larger than 1". It is available with cutters to bore holes from 1-4 inches in diameter.
H. Holding Tools:
1. Bar Clamp-used for large work such as gluing wide boards edge to edge.
2. C-Clamp-to clamp wood face to face,for repair work & for holding parts together.
3. Hand Screw-for gluing face to face,for clamping small parts,& for holding as it is cut or formed. Used for finished surfaces.
4. Hand Drill-to hold straight shank bits up to 1/2" in diameter.
5. Ratchet Brace-is used for holding bits with a square tang.
I.Sharpening Tools:
1. Triangular File-used for sharpening saw & auger bits.
2. Oil Stone-to sharpen edge-cutting-tools like chisels & plane blades.
3. Grindstone-usually power-driven. Used when the cutting-edge of plane iron is nicked or worn-out.