Lesson 22-Lettering Instruments

1. Leroy-it is used with a pencil guide or template to form the letters.
2. Letter Template-it resembles an ordinary ruler with a series of perforation corresponding to parts of letters & a special pen is used to trace these shapes.
3. Speedball Pen-they are made in 4 different styles of points.Each style is available in different widths,from 0 (largest) to 6 (smallest).

Style A-it has a square nib & is used for square corner Gothic letter.
Style B-it has a round nib & is used for round corner Gothic letter.
Style C-it has a wedge shaped nib & is used for Text & Roman letters.
Style D-it has an oval nib & is used for bold face Roman letters.
4. Letter Transfer-it is by rubbing the letter to be printed on paper,plastic or wood surface. This lettering instrument is the easiest & safest to use because it is a no blot material.
5. Other Lettering Materials-Fountain Pen,Pentel Pen,Lettering Brush,Steadler Pen,Pencil,etc.

Proper Care & Maintenance of Lettering Instruments:
1. Clean the nibs of your speedballpens by soaking it in a cleaning solution,move in circular motion & gently wipe the tip with a cotton rag.
2. Store your pens in an empty glass or any cylindrical container in an upright position. This is done to protect their points from being damaged.
3. Clean your lettering brush with a lacquer thinner if you used it with an enamel paint. If you used it with latex or textile paint, rinse it with plain tap water.

Lesson 21-Single Stroke Gothic Letters,Spacing,Proportioning & Centering Letters

* Single Stroke Gothic- most widely used & accepted style of letters.Common in posters & billboard signs.

4 Groups of Gothic Letters:
1. Single stroke Vertical uppercase letters-JESSA
2. Single stroke Inclined uppercase letters-JESSA
3. Single stroke Vertical lowercase letters-jessa
4. Single stroke Inclined lowercase letters-jessa

Guidelines used in Letterings:
1. Capline___________________
2. Waistline_________________
3. Baseline__________________
4. Dropline__________________

Proportion of Letters:
1. Compressed letters-used if space is limitted/narrow.
2. N o r m a l letters- used if there is enough space.Not too narrow nor too wide.
3. E x p a n d e d letters- used if space is wide.

Spacing of letters:
1. Spacing letters-it is done by the eye.We call it Visual Spacing(tinatantiya lang).
2. Spacing Words-imagine letter O between each word.
3. Spacing Sentences-spaces must be equivalent to 2 capital letter O.

Methods of Centering Titles:
1. Trial & Final Method-it is widely used by skilled drafting students. A light lettering (trial only)is made with a pencil in the space where the title is to be located.Then,in finishing it,necessary adjustments are made so that the letters/titles are properly centered.
2. Scratch paper Method-it is advisable for beginners.The scratch paper is centered over the space where the title is to be printed.

Lesson 20-History & Development of Letters

* Lettering-is the forming of numbers & letters.
-is the written language of industry.
History & Development:
A. 4000 B.C.-Egyptian hieroglyphics(picture writing) is developed.
B. 2000 B.C.-Cursive hieroglyphics(hieratic writing-an Abstract writing) is developed.
C. 1000 B.C.-Phoenicians adapted the hieratic writing & developed an alphabet of 22 letters,19 of which are standard consonants of the present day alphabets.
D. 700 B.C.-Greeks later adapted the Phoenician alphabet. They introduced & developed the vowel letters & uniform writing.
-They contributed 13 letters to the Roman alphabet.
E. 200 B.C.-Romans introduced 23 letters of the present day alphabet. It was divided into 2 styles,the Old Roman & Modern Roman.
F. 19th Century-during the reign of Charlemagne,lower case letters were introduced. They were then called Carolingian letters.
G. 1722-English introduced Formal Script.
H. 1890-English introduced "sans serif"( without spurred endings ),a letter style commonly used by the Printing press.
I. 1945-Americans introduced Cartoon Script.
J. 1960-Automation letter styles were introduced.

4 Basic Letter Styles:
1. Gothic letters-are letters with uniform width & thickness.
2. Roman letters-are letter styles made up of thick & thin elements. It is useful in Newspapers,Magazines & Book Publishing.
3. Script-an artistic style of letters.
-common in Greeting cards,Wedding invitations,& in some Diplomas & Certificates.
4. Text-is the most attractive letter style & is elegant in appearance.
-they are widely used in Certificates & Diplomas.

Lesson 19-Drafting Instruments,Supplies & Equipment

A.Drafting Instruments/Tools:
1. T-square-used as a guide in drawing horizontal lines & also a guide for triangles.
2. Triangles-are used to draw vertical & inclined lines.
2 kinds of triangles:
a.) 45 x 45 degree triangle
b.) 30 x 60 degree triangle
3. Triangular Scale-used to reduce or enlarge the size of objects.
4. French Curve-used to draw various irregular curves.
5. Protractor-to layout an angle or arc.
6.Compass-to draw arcs & circles in pencil or in ink.
7. Divider-to divide lines into several equal parts & for transferring measurements.
8.Erasing Shield-it has irregular holes & is made up of metal.It is used to protect the rest of the drawing when making erasures.
9. Pencil Sharpener-to sharpen pencil points.
10. Pens-for letterings & marking lines.
ex. Technical pens(with ink)
Speedball pens
11. Water color brush-comes in various sizes & made out of animal hair.
B. Drafting Materials/Supplies:
1. Eraser-to remove smears or pencil marks.
2. Pencil-are used for marking lines. They come in various grades of hardness & softness.
ex. H-hard
B-soft
HB & F-between soft & hard
3. Double adhesive tape
4. Cartolina
5. Masking tape
6. Oslo paper
7. Thumbtacks
8. White glue
9. Illustration board
10. Sandpaper
11. Scotch tape
12. Tracing paper
13. Linen Cartolina
14. Paste
15. Colored paper
16. Paper clips
17. Ink
C. Drafting Equipment:
1. Drawing table-a table with adjustable top. It is where the drawing paper is fastened.
2. Drawing board-may be placed on top of an ordinary table.

LESSON 18-Methods of Fish Capture & Cultivation

Methods of Fish Capture:
1. Handline-a vertical line or pole with a string tied to one end of which is attached a hook. A bait is placed at the end of the hook to attract fish.( to catch tuna,mackerel & other fish).
2. Gillnet-to catch crabs & other fish.( 122 to 1097 cm depth)
3. Spear-thrown by the hand or shot from a gun.(to catch crabs,mudfish,catfish & carp)
4. Salakab-made of bamboo to catch mudfish,catfish,& other freshwater fish.
5. Fish Corrals or Baklad-has compartments & a gate through which the fish enters.
6. Drag Seine or Pukot-made of cloth,nylon netting or sinamay.It has a head rope,ground rope,pull rope,floats,sinkers,& nets & requires a number of persons to use.

Methods of Fish Cultivation:
1. Fishpen method-net enclosures in shallow protected parts of inland water such as lakes & lagoons.
2. Cage method-employed in inland bodies of flowing water.
3. Fishpen method-have either fresh,brackish or marine water.
4. Open Water method-fish is cultivated in bays,coastals,& lagoons(also oysters,mussels & seaweeds is usually done in open water).

LESSON 17-Preparing a Backyard Fishpond

1. Make a layout.
2. Excavation & construction of the dikes.
3. In constructing a dug-out excavation type backyard fishpond,mud blocks should be piled & arranged carefully without spaces.
4. Predators such as snails,frogs & other carnivorous insects & other animals must be eradicated because they compete the fish for food.
5. Stock the pond by releasing the fry or fingerlings in the water.
6. Apply fishpond fertilizer.
7. Clean the pond.
8.Water management-by filling the pond with 15-20 cm.deep water.
9. Fertilization-initial fertilization of 500 kg./hectare of chicken manure.

Ways of Applying Fertilizers:
a) Spreading fertilizers evenly over the bottom of the pond.( bangus culture)
b) Broadcasting fertilizers( dry or mixed).
c) Platform way of fishpond fertilization is said to be the most effective method of applying inorganic fertilizers.-below the pond surface.

10. Weed control-could be done manually with the use of scythe,bamboo poles & sickles.
11. Destroying the enemies of fish-such as amphibians,reptiles,& mammals.

Ways of Controlling Enemies of Fish:
a) For harmful insects-clean up swamps & grassy areas near the pond.
b) Harmful plants must be removed.
c) Treat the pond with quicklime(as disinfectant & potassium permanganate).
d) Install screens in water inlets to prevent wild fishes to enter the pond.

LESSON 16-Principles & Procedures in Fish Culture

*Fish-most important source of protein.
*Fish Farming-an effort to increase the productivity of fish & other aquatic products in bodies of water inorder to satisfy human needs.
Important Factors to Consider in Fish Culture:
1. The specie must taste good to the consumer.
2. It must be ready for market in a short period.
3. Adaptability to crowded conditions.
4. Fish must be resistant to diseases & parasites.
5. It should not be harmful to it's own kind or other species.
6. The specie must be universal feeder.
7. Plankton & other aquatic plants such as algae must be available.
8. Favorable climate & temperature.
9. Adequate sunlight.
10. Nutrients are available.
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Suitable Site:
1. Size of the fishpond.-minimum of 50 sq.mts. with atleast 1 meter deep.
2. Water supply-clean,flowing water.
3. Type of soil-clay loam,sandy loam or loamy soil.
4. Food supply-corn grits,sorghum,snails,worms,ground fish or animal meat,kitchen leftovers & supplementary feeds.
5. Availability of cheap labor,construction materials & fingerlings.